数组允许定义可存储相同类型数据项的变量,结构是 C 编程中另一种用户自定义的可用的数据类型,它允许您存储不同类型的数据项。
结构用于表示一条记录,假设您想要跟踪图书馆中书本的动态,您可能需要跟踪每本书的下列属性:
- Title
- Author
- Subject
- Book ID
定义结构
为了定义结构,您必须使用 struct 语句。struct 语句定义了一个包含多个成员的新的数据类型,struct 语句的格式如下:
struct structure_tag { member definition; member definition; ... member definition; } one-or-more-structure-variables;
- structure_tag 是结构体标签,是可选的
- 每个成员定义(member definition)都是一个普通变量定义,例如int i; 或浮动f; 或任何其他有效的变量定义。
- 在结构定义的最后,最后一个分号之前,您可以指定一个或多个结构变量,但这是可选的。
例如声明Book结构的方式:
struct Books { char title[50]; char author[50]; char subject[100]; int book_id; } book;
访问结构成员
要访问结构的任何成员,我们使用成员访问运算符(.) 成员访问运算符就是结构变量名和结构成员的英文句点。 以下示例显示如何在程序中使用结构及访问结构成员-
#include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> struct Books { char title[50]; char author[50]; char subject[100]; int book_id; }; int main( ) { struct Books Book1; /* Declare Book1 of type Book */ struct Books Book2; /* Declare Book2 of type Book */ /* book 1 specification */ strcpy( Book1.title, "C Programming"); strcpy( Book1.author, "Nuha Ali"); strcpy( Book1.subject, "C Programming Tutorial"); Book1.book_id = 6495407; /* book 2 specification */ strcpy( Book2.title, "Telecom Billing"); strcpy( Book2.author, "Zara Ali"); strcpy( Book2.subject, "Telecom Billing Tutorial"); Book2.book_id = 6495700; /* print Book1 info */ printf( "Book 1 title : %s\n", Book1.title); printf( "Book 1 author : %s\n", Book1.author); printf( "Book 1 subject : %s\n", Book1.subject); printf( "Book 1 book_id : %d\n", Book1.book_id); /* print Book2 info */ printf( "Book 2 title : %s\n", Book2.title); printf( "Book 2 author : %s\n", Book2.author); printf( "Book 2 subject : %s\n", Book2.subject); printf( "Book 2 book_id : %d\n", Book2.book_id); return 0; }
结果:
结构的函数调用
函数可以把结构作为参数调用。就和调用其他变量和指针一样。
Live Demo #include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> struct Books { char title[50]; char author[50]; char subject[100]; int book_id; }; /* function declaration */ void printBook( struct Books book ); int main( ) { struct Books Book1; /* Declare Book1 of type Book */ struct Books Book2; /* Declare Book2 of type Book */ /* book 1 specification */ strcpy( Book1.title, "C Programming"); strcpy( Book1.author, "Nuha Ali"); strcpy( Book1.subject, "C Programming Tutorial"); Book1.book_id = 6495407; /* book 2 specification */ strcpy( Book2.title, "Telecom Billing"); strcpy( Book2.author, "Zara Ali"); strcpy( Book2.subject, "Telecom Billing Tutorial"); Book2.book_id = 6495700; /* print Book1 info */ printBook( Book1 ); /* Print Book2 info */ printBook( Book2 ); return 0; } void printBook( struct Books book ) { printf( "Book title : %s\n", book.title); printf( "Book author : %s\n", book.author); printf( "Book subject : %s\n", book.subject); printf( "Book book_id : %d\n", book.book_id); }
结果: